Ostatnie spotkanie STWURa w tym roku poprowadził Bartosz Kolasa - data scientist z firmy PiLab, a zorganizował Jarosław Chilimoniuk. Zachęcamy do zapoznania się z materiałami.

Materiały

https://github.com/STWUR/eRementarz3

Co robi Data Scientist?

Czego nie lubi Data Scientist?

Wielokrotna iteracja

Ekspolaracyjna analiza danych (EDA)

“Procedures for analyzing data, techniques for interpreting the results of such procedures, ways of planning the gathering of data to make its analysis easier, more precise or more accurate, and all the machinery and results of (mathematical) statistics which apply to analyzing data.”

John Tukey

Brudne dane

Dane niepełne

library(titanic)
library(dplyr)
titanic_train %>% filter(is.na(Age)) %>% head
##   PassengerId Survived Pclass                          Name    Sex Age
## 1           6        0      3              Moran, Mr. James   male  NA
## 2          18        1      2  Williams, Mr. Charles Eugene   male  NA
## 3          20        1      3       Masselmani, Mrs. Fatima female  NA
## 4          27        0      3       Emir, Mr. Farred Chehab   male  NA
## 5          29        1      3 O'Dwyer, Miss. Ellen "Nellie" female  NA
## 6          30        0      3           Todoroff, Mr. Lalio   male  NA
##   SibSp Parch Ticket    Fare Cabin Embarked
## 1     0     0 330877  8.4583              Q
## 2     0     0 244373 13.0000              S
## 3     0     0   2649  7.2250              C
## 4     0     0   2631  7.2250              C
## 5     0     0 330959  7.8792              Q
## 6     0     0 349216  7.8958              S

Dane niepoprawne

  • dane spoza oczekiwanego zakresu
  • niepoprawne kombinacje danych

Dane niespójne

Dane niezintegrowane

Typy danych

str(titanic_train)
## 'data.frame':	891 obs. of  12 variables:
##  $ PassengerId: int  1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 ...
##  $ Survived   : int  0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 ...
##  $ Pclass     : int  3 1 3 1 3 3 1 3 3 2 ...
##  $ Name       : chr  "Braund, Mr. Owen Harris" "Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Thayer)" "Heikkinen, Miss. Laina" "Futrelle, Mrs. Jacques Heath (Lily May Peel)" ...
##  $ Sex        : chr  "male" "female" "female" "female" ...
##  $ Age        : num  22 38 26 35 35 NA 54 2 27 14 ...
##  $ SibSp      : int  1 1 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 1 ...
##  $ Parch      : int  0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 ...
##  $ Ticket     : chr  "A/5 21171" "PC 17599" "STON/O2. 3101282" "113803" ...
##  $ Fare       : num  7.25 71.28 7.92 53.1 8.05 ...
##  $ Cabin      : chr  "" "C85" "" "C123" ...
##  $ Embarked   : chr  "S" "C" "S" "S" ...

Uwaga na zmienne czynnikowe

read.csv("myfile.csv", stringsAsFactors = FALSE)

Macierz odpowiedniości

table(titanic_train$Survived)
## 
##   0   1 
## 549 342

Macierz odpowiedności

table(titanic_train$Sex, titanic_train$Survived)
##         
##            0   1
##   female  81 233
##   male   468 109

Procentowo

prop.table(table(titanic_train$Sex, titanic_train$Survived))
##         
##                   0          1
##   female 0.09090909 0.26150393
##   male   0.52525253 0.12233446
# table(titanic_train$Sex, titanic_train$Survived) %>% prop.table
prop.table(table(titanic_train$Sex, titanic_train$Survived), margin=1)
##         
##                  0         1
##   female 0.2579618 0.7420382
##   male   0.8110919 0.1889081

Czy zmienne są zależne?

chisq.test(titanic_train$Survived, titanic_train$Sex) -> chsq
chsq$observed
##                       titanic_train$Sex
## titanic_train$Survived female male
##                      0     81  468
##                      1    233  109
chsq$expected
##                       titanic_train$Sex
## titanic_train$Survived   female     male
##                      0 193.4747 355.5253
##                      1 120.5253 221.4747

Która kombinacja zaburza najbardziej?

chsq$residuals
##                       titanic_train$Sex
## titanic_train$Survived    female      male
##                      0 -8.086170  5.965128
##                      1 10.245095 -7.557757
chsq$p.value
## [1] 1.197357e-58

Mniej widoczne

titanic_emb <- dplyr::filter(titanic_train, Embarked != "")
chisq.test(titanic_emb$Survived, titanic_emb$Embarked) -> chsq
chsq$observed
##                     titanic_emb$Embarked
## titanic_emb$Survived   C   Q   S
##                    0  75  47 427
##                    1  93  30 217
chsq$residuals
##                     titanic_emb$Embarked
## titanic_emb$Survived           C           Q           S
##                    0 -2.82239750 -0.07993071  1.46918919
##                    1  3.58645093  0.10156881 -1.86691454
chsq$p.value
## [1] 1.769922e-06

Więcej wymiarów

with(titanic_train, ftable(Survived, Sex, Embarked))
##                 Embarked       C   Q   S
## Survived Sex                            
## 0        female            0   9   9  63
##          male              0  66  38 364
## 1        female            2  64  27 140
##          male              0  29   3  77

Pakiet DescTools

library(DescTools)
Desc(titanic_train$Survived, plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## titanic_train$Survived (integer - dichotomous)
## 
##   length      n    NAs unique
##      891    891      0      2
##          100.0%   0.0%       
## 
##    freq   perc  lci.95  uci.95'
## 0   549  61.6%   58.4%   64.8%
## 1   342  38.4%   35.2%   41.6%
## 
## ' 95%-CI Wilson

Wykresy

Desc(titanic_train$Survived, plotit=FALSE) -> d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-13

Więcej kategorii

Desc(titanic_train$Embarked, plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## titanic_train$Embarked (character)
## 
##   length      n    NAs unique levels  dupes
##      891    891      0      4      4      y
##          100.0%   0.0%                     
## 
##    level  freq   perc  cumfreq  cumperc
## 1      S   644  72.3%      644    72.3%
## 2      C   168  18.9%      812    91.1%
## 3      Q    77   8.6%      889    99.8%
## 4            2   0.2%      891   100.0%

Wykresy

Desc(titanic_train$Embarked, plotit=FALSE) -> d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-15

Zmienna ciągła

Desc(titanic_train$Age, plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## titanic_train$Age (numeric)
## 
##   length       n     NAs  unique      0s    mean  meanCI
##      891     714     177      88       0  29.699  28.632
##            80.1%   19.9%            0.0%          30.766
##                                                         
##      .05     .10     .25  median     .75     .90     .95
##    4.000  14.000  20.125  28.000  38.000  50.000  56.000
##                                                         
##    range      sd   vcoef     mad     IQR    skew    kurt
##   79.580  14.526   0.489  13.343  17.875   0.387   0.160
##                                                         
## lowest : 0.42, 0.67, 0.75 (2), 0.83 (2), 0.92
## highest: 70.0 (2), 70.5, 71.0 (2), 74.0, 80.0

Wykresy

Desc(titanic_train$Age, plotit=FALSE) -> d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-17

Formuły

Desc(titanic_train$Survived ~ titanic_train$Age, plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## titanic_train$Survived ~ titanic_train$Age
## 
## Summary: 
## n pairs: 891, valid: 714 (80.1%), missings: 177 (19.9%), groups: 2
## 
##                         
##               0        1
## mean     30.626   28.344
## median   28.000   28.000
## sd       14.172   14.951
## IQR      18.000   17.000
## n           424      290
## np      59.384%  40.616%
## NAs         125       52
## 0s            0        0
## 
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test:
##   Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 1.9701, df = 1, p-value = 0.1604
## 
## 
## Proportions of titanic_train$Survived in the quantiles of titanic_train$Age:
##    
##          Q1      Q2      Q3      Q4
##   0   54.2%   63.9%   56.6%   62.7%
##   1   45.8%   36.1%   43.4%   37.3%

Formuły

Desc(titanic_train$Survived ~ titanic_train$Age, plotit=FALSE) ->d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-19

Formuły

Desc(titanic_train$Age ~ titanic_train$Survived, plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## titanic_train$Age ~ titanic_train$Survived
## 
## Summary: 
## n pairs: 891, valid: 714 (80.1%), missings: 177 (19.9%), groups: 2
## 
##                         
##               0        1
## mean     30.626   28.344
## median   28.000   28.000
## sd       14.172   14.951
## IQR      18.000   17.000
## n           424      290
## np      59.384%  40.616%
## NAs         125       52
## 0s            0        0
## 
## Kruskal-Wallis rank sum test:
##   Kruskal-Wallis chi-squared = 1.9701, df = 1, p-value = 0.1604

Formuły

Desc(titanic_train$Age ~ titanic_train$Survived, plotit=FALSE) ->d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-21

Rozkład długoogonowy

Desc(log10(titanic_train$Fare), plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## log10(titanic_train$Fare) (numeric)
## 
##   length       n    NAs  unique    0s  mean  meanCI
##      891     891      0     248     0  -Inf      NA
##           100.0%   0.0%          0.0%            NA
##                                                    
##      .05     .10    .25  median   .75   .90     .95
##     0.86    0.88   0.90    1.16  1.49  1.89    2.05
##                                                    
##    range      sd  vcoef     mad   IQR  skew    kurt
##      Inf      NA     NA    0.39  0.59    NA      NA
##                                                    
## lowest : -Inf (15), 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.81
## highest: 2.36 (4), 2.39 (2), 2.42 (2), 2.42 (4), 2.71 (3)

Rozkład długoogonowy

Desc(log10(titanic_train$Fare), plotit=FALSE) ->d
plot(d)
## Warning in bplt(at[i], wid = width[i], stats = z$stats[, i], out = z$out[z
## $group == : Outlier (-Inf) in boxplot 1 is not drawn

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-23

Rozkład długoogonowy

library(dplyr)
titanic_nozero <- mutate(titanic_train, Fare=na_if(Fare,0))
Desc(log10(titanic_nozero$Fare), plotit=FALSE)
## ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 
## log10(titanic_nozero$Fare) (numeric)
## 
##      length          n        NAs     unique         0s       mean
##         891        876         15        247          0  1.2783017
##                  98.3%       1.7%                  0.0%           
##                                                                   
##         .05        .10        .25     median        .75        .90
##   0.8590902  0.8884828  0.8989993  1.1613680  1.4951973  1.8918624
##                                                                   
##       range         sd      vcoef        mad        IQR       skew
##   2.1061341  0.4067163  0.3181693  0.3923808  0.5961980  0.8981877
##                                                                   
##      meanCI
##   1.2513312
##   1.3052722
##            
##         .95
##   2.0541341
##            
##        kurt
##   0.0782366
##            
## lowest : 0.603415, 0.69897, 0.7950106, 0.8087172, 0.8095597
## highest: 2.3570291 (4), 2.3936117 (2), 2.4189225 (2), 2.4199557 (4), 2.7095491 (3)

Rozkład długoogonowy

Desc(log10(titanic_nozero$Fare), plotit=FALSE) ->d
plot(d)

plot of chunk unnamed-chunk-25

Szybki sposób na outliery

library(outliers)
titanic_train %>%
  filter(!is.na(Age)) %>% 
  mutate(score=scores(Age, type="iqr")) %>%
  select(Name,Age,score) %>% arrange(desc(score)) %>% head
##                                   Name  Age    score
## 1 Barkworth, Mr. Algernon Henry Wilson 80.0 2.349650
## 2                  Svensson, Mr. Johan 74.0 2.013986
## 3            Goldschmidt, Mr. George B 71.0 1.846154
## 4              Artagaveytia, Mr. Ramon 71.0 1.846154
## 5                 Connors, Mr. Patrick 70.5 1.818182
## 6          Mitchell, Mr. Henry Michael 70.0 1.790210

Podziękowania

Dziękujemy firmie Kruk SA i Wydziałowi Biotechnologii UWr za wspieranie spotkań STWURa.